• Maximum temperature: 360 cm to 440 C
• Minimum temperature: 110 cm and 170 C
• The average annual precipitation is 1000 – 3500mm

• Well-drained loamy soil
• Mountains, rivers, fertile soil rich in areas

Cultivation

• Nursery preparation: 1:1:1 (Sand : Soil : Farm Yard Manure)
• Planting Spacing: 2 x 2.5 m
• Weeding, cleaning and pruning operations should be done upto the age of three year old saplings
• Light demander species
• It can be grow in partially shaded areas

• Young seedlings are susceptible to reactions with animals
• Deer and cows were causing damage for tubers

Parasitic plant

• Loranthus is the parasitic plant for this species which causing severe damage
• Removal of affected individual manually is the best practice for management of loranthus

• Palipporus soria, Porms kerpocaili, Saileriya palimorpa are causing severe damages

credit https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_Sal.html